ONTOLOGIES -TECHNOLOGY-RESEARCH PAPER-SOFTWARE
formal naming and definition of the types, properties, and interrelationships of the entities that really exist in a particular domain
ontology is a formal representation of the knowledge by a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. It is used to reason about the properties of that domain and may be used to describe the domain. In theory, ontology is a ”formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization”. Ontology provides a shared vocabulary, which can be used to model a domain that is, the type of objects, and/or concepts that exist, and their properties and relations. Ontologies are used in Artificial Intelligence, the Semantic Web, Systems Engineering, Software Engineering, Biomedical Informatics, Library Science, Enterprise Bookmarking, and Information Architecture as a form of knowledge representation about the world or some part of it. The creation of domain ontologies is also fundamental to the definition and use of an enterprise architecture framework. There are four categories of ontology: static, dynamic, intentional and social. Static ontology describes things that exist, their attributes and relationship. Dynamic ontology describes the world in terms of states, state transitions and processes. Intentional ontology encompass the world of agents, things believe in, want, prove or disprove and argue about. Social ontology covers social settings, permanent organizational structures or shifting networks of alliances and independencies
FCA-Merge: Bottom-up merging ofontologies
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AbstractOntologieshave been established for knowledge sharing and are widely used as a means for conceptually structuring domains of interest. With the growing usage of ontologies the problem of overlapping knowledge in a common domain becomes critical.
Toward distributed use of large-scaleontologies
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Abstract Large scale knowledge bases systems are difficult and expensive to construct. If we could share knowledge across systems, costs would be reduced. However, because knowledge bases are typically constructed from scratch, each with their own idiosyncratic In modern computer science parlance, one does not talk anymore aboutontologyas the science of existence, but ofontologies as formal specifications of a conceptualization in the sense of Gruber [Gruber, 1993]. So, whereas ontologywas originally a science,ontologies
A practical guide to building OWLontologiesusing the Prot g -OWL plugin and CO-ODE tools edition 1.0
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This guide introduces the Prot g -OWL plugin for creating OWLontologies . Chapter 3 gives a brief overview of the OWL ontology language. Chapter 4 focuses on building an OWL-DL ontology and using a Description Logic Reasoner to check the consistency of the ontology
An environment for merging and testing largeontologies
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Abstract Large-scaleontologiesare becoming an essential component of many applications including standard search (such as Yahoo and Lycos), ecommerce (such as Amazon and eBay), configuration (such as Dell and PC-Order), and government intelligence (such as
Ontolingua: A mechanism to support portableontologies
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Abstract An ontology is a set of de nitions of content-speci c knowledge representation primitives: classes, relations, functions, and object constants. Ontolingua is mechanism for writingontologiesin a canonical format, such that they can be easily translated into a variety
Combining and relatingontologies : an analysis of problems and solutions
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Abstract With the grown availability of large and specialized onlineontologies the questions about the combined use of independently developedontologieshave become even more important. Although there is already a lot of research done in this area, there are still many
Linking Lixicons andOntologies : Mapping WordNet to the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology.
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Abstract Abstract:Ontologiesare becoming extremely useful tools for sophisticated software engineering. Designing applications, databases, and knowledge bases with reference to a common ontology can mean shorter development cycles, easier and faster integration with
DL-Lite: Tractable description logics forontologies
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Abstract We propose a new Description Logic, called DL-Lite, specifically tailored to capture basic ontology languages, while keeping low complexity of reasoning. Reasoning here means not only computing subsumption between concepts, and checking satisfiability of the
Folksontology: An integrated approach for turning folksonomies intoontologies
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Abstract. We can observe that the amount of non-toy domainontologiesis still very limited for many areas of interest. In contrast, folksonomies are widely in use for (1) tagging Web pages (eg del. icio. us),(2) annotating pictures (eg flickr), or (3) classifying scholarly
The OWL API: a Java API for working with OWL 2ontologies
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Abstract. This paper presents the OWL API a high level Application Programming Interface (API) for working with OWL 2ontologies . The API is closely aligned with the OWL 2 structural specification. It supports parsing and rendering in the syntaxes defined in the W3C
Mappingontologiesinto Cyc
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Abstract The advent of Web services, and the Semantic Web described by domain ontologies highlight the bottleneck to their growth: ontology mapping, merging, and integration. In this paper we present the process by which over the last 15 years several
Semantic heterogeneity in global information systems: The role of metadata, context andontologies
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Abstract Semantic heterogeneity has been identi ed as one of the most important and toughest problems when dealing with interoperability and cooperation among multiple databases. It was earlier studied in the context of exchanging, sharing and integrating data,
Reasoning with InconsistentOntologies .
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Abstract In this paper we present a framework of reasoning with inconsistentontologies in which pre-defined selection functions are used to deal with concept relevance. We examine how the notion ofconcept relevancecan be used for reasoning with inconsistent
Combining and standardizing large-scale, practicalontologiesfor machine translation and other uses
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Abstract The increasing proliferation of large-scale knowledge bases, used in Computational Linguistics, Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, Databases, and related fields, creates the need for an integrated knowledge framework in which their contents can
Ontologies Web 2.0 and Beyond
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Page 1.Ontologies Web 2.0 and Beyond Tom Gruber TagCommons.org tomgruber.org Page 2. outlinesituateontologiesin Web 2.0 and Semantic Webcharacterizing the space of ontologies Confluence of social and semantic webontologiesPage 3. Doug Engelbart, 1968
QUONTO: queryingontologies
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One of the most important lines of research in Description Logics (DLs) is concerned with the trade-off between expressive power and computational complexity of sound and complete reasoning. Research carried out in the past on this topic has shown that many DLs with
Falcon-ao: Aligningontologieswith falcon
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ABSTRACT Falcon-AO is an automatic tool for aligningontologies . There are two matchers integrated in Falcon-AO: one is a matcher based on linguistic matching forontologies called LMO; the other is a matcher based on graph matching forontologies called GMO. In Falcon-
Editing description logicontologieswith the Prot gOWL plugin
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Abstract The growing interest in the Semantic Web and the Web Ontology Language (OWL) will reveal the potential of Description Logics in industrial projects. The rich semantics of OWL provide powerful reasoning capabilities that help build, maintain and query domain
Interoperation, mediation andontologies
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Abstract In this paper we address the problem of interoperation at a semantic level. We assume that emerging standards will solve most of the syntactic infrastructure problems that exist today. However, interoperation has to deal with sources from di ering domains, and
Ontologiesand the Semantic Web for E-learning
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The Semantic Web is the emerging landscape of new web technologies aiming at web- based information and services that would be understandable and reusable by both humans and machines.Ontologies generally defined as a representation of a shared
On ontology,ontologies conceptualizations, modeling languages, and (meta) models
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Abstract. In philosophy, the term ontology has been used since the 17th century to refer both to a philosophical discipline (Ontology with a capitalO ), and as a domain-independent system of categories that can be used in the conceptualization of domain-specific scientific
Mapping XML to OWLOntologies .
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Abstract: By now, XML has reached a wide acceptance as data exchange format in E- Business. An efficient collaboration between different participants in E-Business thus, is only possible, when business partners agree on a common syntax and have a common Ontologiesplay a central role in the development of the semantic web, as they provide precise definitions of shared terms in web resources. One important web ontology language is DAML+ OIL; it has a formal semantics and a reasoning support through a
A logical framework for modularity ofontologies .
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Abstract Modularity is a key requirement for collaborative ontology engineering and for distributed ontology reuse on the Web. Modern ontology languages, such as OWL, are logic- based, and thus a useful notion of modularity needs to take the semantics ofontologiesand
Querix: A natural language interface to queryontologiesbased on clarification dialogs
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Abstract The logic-based machine-understandable framework of the Semantic Web typically challenges casual users when they try to queryontologies . An often proposed solution to help casual users is the use of natural language interfaces. Such tools, however, suffer from
Domainontologiesin software engineering: use of Protege with the EON architecture
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Domainontologiesare formal descriptions of the classes of concepts and the relationships among those concepts that describe an application area. The Prot gsoftware-engineering methodology provides a clear division between domainontologiesand domain-
Gmo: A graph matching forontologies
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ABSTRACT Ontology matching is an important task to achieve interoperation between semantic web applications using differentontologies . Structural similarity plays a central role in ontology matching. However, the existing approaches rely heavily on lexical similarity,
Ontologiesfor molecular biology.
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Molecular biology has a communication problem. There are many databases using their own labels and categories for storing data objects and some using identical labels and categories but with a di erent meaning. A prominent example is the concept\gene which is
Domain specificontologiesfor semantic information brokering on the global information infrastructure
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Abstract Recent emerging technologies such as internetworking and the World Wide Web (WWW) have signi cantly expanded the types, availability, and volume of data accessible to an information management system. In this new environment it is imperative to view an
Resolving terminological heterogeneity inontologies
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Abstract. A system that enables interoperation among information sources usingontologies needs to resolve the terminological differences betweenontologies . In this work, we present several methods that we have designed to match terms used in differentontologies . We
Grounding Software DomainOntologiesin the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO): The case of the ODE Software Process Ontology.
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Abstract. FoundationalOntologiesare theoretically well-founded domainindependent systems of categories that have been successfully used to improve the quality of conceptual modeling languages and models. In this paper, we present the latest developments in the
Modularity and WebOntologies .
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Abstract Modularity inontologiesis key both for large scale ontology development and for distributed ontology reuse on the Web. However, the problems of formally characterizing a modular representation, on the one hand, and of automatically identifying modules within an
The role ofontologiesin data integration
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Abstract In this paper, we discuss the use ofontologiesfor data integration. We consider two different settings depending on the system architecture: central and peer-to-peer data integration. Within those settings, we discuss five different cases studies that illustrate the
Design and creation ofontologiesfor environmental information retrieval
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We are witnessing today an exponential growth of data accumulated within universities, corporations and government organizations. Autonomous data repositories storing different types of data are becoming available for use. This makes it impossible for users to be aware
Evaluation of taxonomic knowledge inontologiesand knowledge bases
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Consistency refers to whether it is possible to obtain contradictory conclusions from valid input definitions. A given definition is consistent if and only if the individual definition is consistent and no contradictory sentences can be inferred using other definitions and axioms. q A given definition
Usingontologiesto strengthen folksonomies and enrich information retrieval in weblogs
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Abstract While free-tagging classification is widely used in social software implementations and especially in weblogs, it raises various issues regarding information retrieval. In this paper, we describe an approach that mixes folksonomies and semantic web technologies in
Ontologiesfor integrating engineering applications
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One of the major problems facing enterprises today is the lack of interoperability among the various software applications that the enterprise uses. This problem is most acute for systems that must manage the heterogeneity inherent in various domains and integrate
Rules for mapping SQL relational databases to OWLontologies
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This paper proposes an approach to automatic transformation of relational databases to ontologies where constraints CHECK are also considered. A relational database is written in SQL and an ontology is written in OWL. The proposed approach can be used for
Ontologiesas conceptual models for XML documents
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Abstract: Access to XML-based documents currently relies on query languages that are closely tied to the document structures, ie when looking for information one has to be aware of this structure and cannot easily specify the information needs conceptually. Our approach
A Comparison of UpperOntologies .
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AbstractUpperOntologiesare quickly becoming a key technology for integrating heterogeneous knowledge coming from different sources. In fact, they may be exploited as a lingua francaby intelligent software agents in all those scenarios where it is impossible (or
Learning ofontologiesfor the web: the analysis of existent approaches
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Abstract The next generation of the Web, called Semantic Web, has to improve the Web with semantic (ontological) page annotations to enable knowledge-level querying and searches. Manual construction of theseontologieswill require tremendous efforts that force future
Integrity and change in modularontologies
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Abstract The benefits of modular representations are well known from many areas of computer science. In this paper, we concentrate on the benefits of modularontologieswith respect to local containment of terminological reasoning. We define an architecture for
An algorithm for merging and aligningontologies : Automation and tool support
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Abstract As researchers in the ontology-design field develop the content of a growing number ofontologies the need for sharing and reusing this body of knowledge becomes increasingly critical. Aligning and merging existingontologies which is usually handled
OSS: A Semantic Similarity Function based on HierarchicalOntologies .
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Abstract Various approaches have been proposed to quantify the similarity between concepts in an ontology. We present a novel approach that allows similarities to be asymmetric while still using only information contained in the structure of the ontology. We
Lightweightontologies
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A language model assigns a probability to a piece of unseen text, based on some training data. For example, a language model based on a big English newspaper archive is expected to assign a higher probability to a bit of textthan to aw pit tov tags,because the
Ontologiesfor Enterprise Integration.
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Abstract We present a logical framework for representing the agents in a cooperating information system. We define an architecture for Integrated Supply Chain Management in which the supply chain is managed by a set of intelligent agents responsible for one or more
Learningontologiesfor the semantic web
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ABSTRACT The Semantic Web relies heavily on the formalontologiesthat structure underlying data for the purpose of comprehensive and transportable machine understanding. Therefore, the success of the Semantic Web depends strongly on the
Storing OWLontologiesin SQL relational databases
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AbstractRelational databases are often used as a basis for persistent storage of ontologiesto facilitate rapid operations such as search and retrieval, and to utilize the benefits of relational databases management systems such as transaction management,
X-similarity: Computing semantic similarity between concepts from differentontologies .
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ABSTRACT: Semantic Similarity relates to computing the similarity between concepts (terms) which are not necessarily lexically similar. We investigate approaches for computing semantic similarity by mapping terms to an ontology and by examining their relationships in
Efficient management of very largeontologies
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Abstract This paper describes an environment for supporting very largeontologies . The system can be used on single PCs, workstations, a cluster of workstations, and high-end parallel supercomputers. The architecture of the system uses the secondary storage of a
SEAL Tying Up Information Integration and Web Site Management byOntologies
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Abstract Community web sites exhibit two dominating properties: They often need to integrate many different information sources and they require an adequate web site management system. SEAL (SEmantic portAL) is a conceptual model that exploits
Ontosearch2: Searching and querying webontologies
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ABSTRACTOntologiesare important components of web-based applications. While the Web makes an increasing number ofontologieswidely available for applications, how to discoverontologiesin the Web becomes a more challenging issue. Existing approaches are
The relation betweenontologiesand XML schemas
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Abstract. Support in the exchange of data, information, and knowledge is becoming a key issue in current computer technology.Ontologiesmay play a major role in supporting the information exchange processes, as they provide a shared and common understanding of a
Comparingontologiessimilarity measures and a comparison study
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AbstractOntologiesserve as a means for communication at a semantic level. However, to be able to effectively communicate it is first necessary to determine agreement about the underlying ontological structures. For this purpose, we considerontologiesas semiotic sign
The relation betweenontologiesand schema-languages: Translating OIL-specifications in XML-schema.
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Abstract. Currently computers are changing from single isolated devices to entry points into a worldwide network of information exchange and business transactions called the World Wide Web (WWW). Therefore support in the exchange of data, information, and knowledge
Ontological web portal for educationalontologies
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Abstract. In spite of the fact that the field of applying ontological research in education is fairly young it is already quite broad and fuzzy. The set of technologies used and developed there have roots in a variety of diverse areas of information and pedagogical sciences. To
Experiences in using a method for building domainontologies
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Abstract. Since 1997 we are working in building domainontologies . During this period of time, we have developed severalontologiesusing a systematic approach for building ontologies first published in 1998, and now called SABiO. In this paper we discuss strong
Usingontologiesin software engineering and technology
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In this chapter, the state of the art on the use ofontologiesin software engineering and technology (SET) is presented. The chapter is organized into four parts. In the second and third sections, serving as a supplement to Chap. 1, 29 a wide review of the distinct kinds of
Incompletely and imprecisely speaking: using dynamicontologiesfor representing and retrieving information.
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Abstract We report on an approach to representation and retrieval of information from large textual databases. Our approach is based on dynamicontologiesthat are automatically constructed from textual data by a new method combining techniques from knowledge -SOFTWARE SALES SERVICE-https://www.engpaper.net--